The Ottoman Mughal Empires experience marked decline. The United Kingdom ascends as Spain and France decline. In Asia the last powerful emperor enjoys the height of Chinese imperial majesty before Europe finally surpasses China. This brief era (about four decades) is marked in Europe by a growth in thinking about the problems with absolute monarchy and increasing interest in the concept of human rights. The Ottoman Empire reaches its greatest geographic spread in this era, but is clearly starting its decline (the siege of Vienna in 1688 was a reckless venture indicating the weakness of the Ottoman Empire rather than some sort of turning point, and the ignominious fall of Sultan Ibrahim is a more logical demarcation of the change-in-fortune).įrom the start of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735) and the Afsharid dynasty (1736) to American Revolution in 1776. The Conclusion of European War in 1648 set up a system of nation states in a balance of power that keep western Europe fairly peaceful (aside from some invasions of the Republic in the Netherlands) until the War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War in North America) in 1701. Thinkers such as Montesquieu, Milton, Newton, Spinoza, Leibniz, Le Clerc, Orobio de Castro, van Limborch, and of course Locke initiated the Enlightenment era. This is an era when the Qing (Manchurians) establish their rule in China, and ideas about human freedom gain embodiment in The United Provinces of Netherlands, the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, and the English colonies in North America. In the English-speaking world, this era begins with the capture and execution (1649) of Charles I, and ends with the first trial establishing freedom of the press ( Rex vs Zenger, 1735). In this website’s scheme, we try to escape the Euro-centric view, and conceive “middle ages” as a time between the establishment of the dominant civilizations with their religious world-views (in what we call “the rise of religious culture” and “the age of transition”) and the philosophical and technological changes that give rise to the scientific method and conceptions of human rights in the Enlightenment periods.įrom 1648, marked by the Treaty of Westphalia and deposition of Sultan Ibrahim, to the Start of the rule of the Qianlong Emperor in 1735 There is no consensus on what “The Middle Ages” mean, and as a historical period it is usually applied to Europe from the 5th century through the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. The Great Plague kills a significant portion of the world’s population in the 14th century. In Italy, the Renaissance begins, while the Roman Empire in Constantinople (the Byzantine Empire) fades away. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties ruled China and in the Americas, the Aztec and Incan empires grew and consolidated power. This era is marked by the rise of Imperial Mali, and the flourishing of the Ife, Benin, and Great Zimbabwe culture in Africa. The age begins with the Mongols sacking Baghdad and establishing imperial sway over Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and China (the Yuan Dynasty). This stage of history moves cultures and peoples from the ancient and classical patterns of life toward a setting that will allow modern thought and culture to begin.įrom the Mongol Conquest in 1258 to the initiation of the Columbian Exchange in 1492 The Crusades expose Europeans to the wider world. ![]() English culture becomes a hybrid of Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) and Latin (Norman-French) influences, and Spanish culture forms during the Reconquista. In China the Song Dynasty experiences a Confucian revival. The Mississippian culture suddenly appears and dominates in the Mississippi River watershed while Chaco Culture thrives in the American Southwest. In Asia, the Chola Empire in India, and the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia flourish. This era is marked by the glory of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and the Golden Age of Islam. ![]() But on Java, the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms thrive around Borobudur Temple and construct Prambanan Temple. The age begins with the fall of the Tang Dynasty and is marked by the decline of the Mayan Empire and the fracture of the Abbasid Empire.
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